On The Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission from Relativistic Shocks and Its Implications for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

We consider the effects of inverse Compton scattering of synchrotron photons from relativistic electrons in GRB afterglows. We compute the spectrum of the inverse Compton emission and find that it can dominate the total cooling rate of the afterglow for several months or even years after the initial explosion. We demonstrate that the presence of strong inverse Compton cooling can be deduced from the effect it has on the time-evolution of the cooling break in the synchrotron spectral component, and therefore on the optical and X-ray afterglow lightcurves. We then show how the physical interpretation of the observed characteristics of the synchrotron spectrum must be modified to take into consideration this extra source of cooling, and give a revised prescription for computing physical parameters characterizing the expanding shock wave from the observed quantities. We find that for a given set of observables (synchrotron break frequencies and fluxes) there is either no consistent physical interpretation or two of them. Finally we discuss the prospects of directly detecting the inverse Compton emission with Chandra. We argue that such a detection is possible for GRBs exploding in a reasonably dense (n>1 cm^-3) medium.Comment: 21 pages, ApJ submitte

Development of Pratylenchus Coffeae in Biochar Applied Soil, Coffee Roots and Its Effect on Plant Growth

Biochar improve physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. It may also be used as botanical pesticides. The experiment was aimed to determine the effect of biochar on population development of parasitic nematode Pratylenchus coffeae. The experiment was carried out in Nematology Laboratory and in a greenhouse of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), Jember, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged according to completely randomized design with six treatments of biochar concentrations, i.e. 4%; 3%; 2%; 1%; 0.5% and 0% dry weight of soil. Research results revealed that biochar application of 4.0% was effectively killed 74.5% of P. coffeae, while the lowest mortality level of 37.5% at biochar 0.5% treatment. In the greenhouse trial, application of biochar 4.0% was the most effective in suppressing the population of parasitic nematode in coffee seedlings. Application of biochar was also able to increase the growth and biomass of coffee seedlings

Geographical Information System Mapping the Billboards in Samarinda

Advances in information technology on geography are increasingly needed by many people, for example information on distances between regions, locations, facilities and many other information. The information is needed by users for various purposes such as research, development, regional design and natural resource management. Because of this geographical presence can help the presentation of a more interactive information, where users can access complete geographical information using only a computer, web-browser and internet network. So to get that information all in need of a Geographical Information System (GIS). The purpose of this research is to create a web that contains information on the location of billboards in the city of Samarinda. While this research is expected to make it easier for users to obtain information on the location of billboards in Samarinda

Broad-band Modeling of GRB Afterglows

Observations of GRB afterglows ranging from radio to X-ray frequencies generate large data sets. Careful analysis of these broad-band data can give us insight into the nature of the GRB progenitor population by yielding such information like the total energy of the burst, the geometry of the fireball and the type of environment into which the GRB explodes. We illustrate, by example, how global, self-consistent fits are a robust approach for characterizing the afterglow emission. This approach allows a relatively simple comparison of different models and a way to determine the strengths and weaknesses of these models, since all are treated self-consistently. Here we quantify the main differences between the broad-band, self-consistent approach and the traditional approach, using GRB000301C and GRB970508 as test cases.Comment: Appears in "Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era" proceedings of the Roma 2000 GRB Workshop; 3 pages; 2 figure

A Compact Fireball Model of Gamma Ray Bursts

It is proposed that the gamma ray burst photons near the peak of the spectrum at several hundred KeV are produced on very compact scales, where photon production is limited by blackbody effects and/or the requirement of energetic quanta ($E>2m_e c^2$) for efficient further production. The fast variation of order milliseconds in the time profile is then a natural expectation, given the other observed GRB parameters. Analytic calculations are presented to show that the escape of non-thermal, energetic gamma rays can emerge within a second of the thermal photons from a gammasphere of below $10^{12}$ cm. The minimum asymptotic bulk Lorentz factor in this model is found to be of order several hundred if the photosphere is of order $3 \times 10^{11}$ cm and greater for larger or smaller photospheric radii. It is suggested that prompt UHE gamma rays might provide a new constraint on the asymptotic Lorentz factor of the outflow.Comment: To appear in ApJ, revisions requested by the refere

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Pengguna Sistem Informasi Pada Kantor Dinas Pendapatan Provinsi Jawa Timur (Studi Kasus Di Kabupaten Nganjuk)

Quality have come to the vital topic to all researcher of caused by its is change in this matter service competition go together the global change and change of life style society, service quality frequently in viewing as a[n strategy for organization to reach the difference's service, assess the customer, and customer/ client satisfaction. Pursuant to background hence this research target is to know the influence of Service Quality to Consumer Satisfaction at On Duty Earnings of Province of East Java. This research population is officer which follows the share and playing important role in decision making at On Duty Earnings of Province of East Java Nganjuk amounting to 24 respondents. While to analyze the influence Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy to Consumer Satisfaction of at On Duty Earnings of Province of East Java Nganjuk, statistic test used by is technique analyses the doubled linear regression. Pursuant to hypothesis test got by that Reliability and Empathy have an effect on to consumer satisfaction, Responsiveness and Assurance do not have an effect on to Consumer Satisfaction of at On Duty Earnings of Province of East Java Nganjuk

Manajemen Kurikulum 2013 oleh Kepala Sekolah

The general purpose of the research was to describe curriculum 2013 management by principle in public Senior High School Number 1 Seluma Regency. The results of the researchwas: (1) planning of curriculum 2013 by principle was done well. (2) organizing the implementation of curriculum 2013 by the principle senior teacher who understand more about curriculum 2013. (3) principle role in succesing the implementation of curriculum 2013 was very vital, he was always held a supervision to his teachers, monitoring and evaluating the progress. (4)the principle in solved the problems faced in implementing curriculum 2013 was downloaded teachers guide and student guide book trought internet and coordinating with vice headmaster and curriculum development team

Hubungan Motivasi Mengajar Guru dengan Kreativitas Guru pada Guru yang Telah Memiliki Sertifikat Pendidik Paud Se-kota Pekanbaru

Terdapat pada sebagian besar guru PAUD yang memiliki sertifikat pendidik PAUD se-KotaPekanbaru yaitu guru yang sudah sertifikasi tetap menggunakan media-media yang itu-itusaja, guru yang sudah bersertifikasi tidak dapat memecahkan masalah yang terjadi padaanak didiknya, guru yang sudah sertifikasi masih saja menggunakan RKH dan RKM yangsudah dipakai pada tahun sebelumnya dan jarang untuk memperbaharuinya, guru yangsudah sertifikasi tidak mampu untuk menggunakan bahan-bahan yang ada disekitarnyauntuk proses pembelajaran dan masih menggunakan APE yang telah ada. Tujuan penelitianini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan motivasi mengajar dengan kreativitas guru padaguru yang telah memiliki sertifikat pendidik PAUD se-Kota Pekanbaru. Populasi penelitianini adalah seluruh guru yang memiliki sertifikat pendidik PAUD yang berjumlah 110 orang.Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 52 orang. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yangdigunakan adalah skala yaitu angket. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah dananalisis metode statistik korelasi Pearson Product Moment dengan program SPSS 16.Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan motivasimengajar dengan kreativitas guru pada guru yang telah memiliki sertifikat pendidik PAUDse-Kota Pekanbaru. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari r hitung sebesar 0,608, dengan nilai p = 0,000.Oleh karena p 2,000, maka dapatdiartikan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara motivasi mengajar gurudengan kreativitas guru PAUD yang telah memiliki sertifikat pendidik PAUD se-Kota Pekanbaru. Koefisien determinan yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar r 2 = 0,369, maka dapat terlihatbahwa motivasi mengajar memberi pengaruh sebesar 36,9% terhadap kreativitas guru danterdapat 63,1% lainnya dipengaruhi faktor lain. Koefisien korelasi yang ditemukan sebesar0,608 termasuk pada kategori baik

Eccentricity Evolution for Planets in Gaseous Disks

We investigate the hypothesis that interactions between a giant planet and the disk from which it forms promote eccentricity growth. These interactions are concentrated at discrete Lindblad and corotation resonances. Interactions at principal Lindblad resonances cause the planet's orbit to migrate and open a gap in the disk if the planet is sufficiently massive. Those at first order Lindblad and corotation resonances change the planet's orbital eccentricity. Eccentricity is excited by interactions at external Lindblad resonances which are located on the opposite side of corotation from the planet, and damped by co-orbital Lindblad resonances which overlap the planet's orbit. If the planet clears a gap in the disk, the rate of eccentricity damping by co-orbital Lindblad resonances is reduced. Density gradients associated with the gap activate eccentricity damping by corotation resonances at a rate which initially marginally exceeds that of eccentricity excitation by external Lindblad resonances. But the corotation torque drives a mass flux which reduces the density gradient near the resonance. Sufficient partial saturation of corotation resonances can tip the balance in favor of eccentricity excitation. A minimal initial eccentricity of a few percent is required to overcome viscous diffusion which acts to unsaturate corotation resonances by reestablishing the large scale density gradient. Thus eccentricity growth is a finite amplitude instability. Formally, interactions at the apsidal resonance, which is a special kind of co-orbital Lindblad resonance, appears to damp eccentricity faster than external Lindblad resonances can excite it. However, apsidal waves have such long wavelengths that they do not propagate in protoplanetary disks. This reduces eccentricity damping by the apsidal resonance to a modest level.Comment: Submitted to Ap